Nineteenth Century

World Evangelization, Papal Exiles, Avalanche of Christian/Non-Christian Groups

            World Evangelization: All continents are evangelized, including Africa and Oceania. Catholics and Protestants send out missionaries.

1-          Catholics: Thousands of parish priests and the members of over a thousand friar and nun orders, congregations and institutes evangelize the six continents... among them, in Africa, with St. Daniel Comboni and St. Justin de Jacobis, the founding of the vicariate apostolic of Africa Centrale and the Missionaries of Africa in 1868. Thousands of dioceses are established in Africa and Australia.... and America (North, Central and South). Some fruit of the African Evangelization are the 22 Martyrs of Uganda.

2-          Protestants: The nineteenth century is sometimes called the Protestant Century. Protestants established missions throughout the world. Organizations such as the British and Foreign Bible Society, the American Bible Society, the Sunday School Union, and the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions lead in the spread of the Gospel message. Reform societies form to deal with abolition, temperance, prisons, and education. Dwight L. Moody and Ira Sankey hold large revival meetings on both sides of the Atlantic, while thousands hear Charles Spurgeon preach in London's Tabernacle. David Livingstone and others open the African continent to missions, while workers with Hudson Taylor's China Inland Mission spread throughout China. Fanny Crosby, Ira Sankey, Francis Havergal, and others poured out hymns of faith and devotion.

            Papal Exiles: Pius VII, at first conciliatory to Napoleon, officiated at his coronation. But soon after he refused to sanction Napoleon’s brother’s annulment, the French army occupied Rome (1808). After Napoleon annexed the rest of the Papal States, Pius VII excommunicated him. In response, Napoleon arrested him and imprisoned him in France where he remained until Napoleon was defeated at Leipzig. As revolution sweeps Europe in 1848, Pius IX is briefly exiled from Rome until restored by the French army. When the French garrison leaves at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war, Italian troops occupy Rome. Whatever is left of the Papal States is taken away, so that Pius IX considers himself a prisoner within the Vatican.  In 1869 he convenes the First Vatican Council during which Papal Infallibility is proclaimed. Later he condemns liberalism, socialism, and rationalism. Then he proclaims the Immaculate Conception. In Rerum novarum in 1891, Pope Leo XIII explained the sad deficiencies of Marxism and gave an early warning of the misery it would inflict on the world.

            Three Apparitions of Mary took place with world-wide effect: St. Catherine Laboure received the Miraculous Medal in Paris. Mary also appeared at La Salette and Lourdes.

Avalanche: Christian and Non-Christian Groups

1800- Disciples of Christ: a protestant denomination which has its roots in the "great awakening" on the American Frontier in the 19th century. Believes in the simple acknowledgment that Jesus is the Christ, the messiah, and an acceptance of Him as Lord. Opposes the use of Creeds as a test of faith. The simple confession that Jesus Christ is Lord was believed to unite all Christians. Man made creeds were seen as divisive

1830- Mormons (Joseph Smith). He claimed to have received a new revelation in 1827, which resulted in the "Book of Mormon", published at Palmyra, N.Y. Smith was killed by a mob in Carthage, Ill., in 1844, and Brigham Young succeeded him as leader of the sect. There are three gods, the Father, the Son Jesus, and the Spirit... all of them were created, and you can become God like Jesus or the Father. Adam’s sin was one of lust; believe the bond of marriage to be eternal; and believe in a happy Millennium on this earth.

 

1844- Adventists (William Miller) known initially as Millerites, stress the doctrine of the imminent second coming of Christ. Several specific dates were set as the Coming since 1844, but Christ never came. Seventh-Day-Adventists are the larger group and started also about 1844 adding a very special issue: The Seventh Day, Saturday, is the Day of the Lord, and Sunday is the Day of the Antichrist; if you celebrate the Day of the Lord on Sunday, you are of the Antichrist, proclaim the Adventists, about 2,000 million Christians!. They were lead by Joseph Bates and James and Ellen White since 1844 but was not formally organized until 1863.

1852-Jehovah's Witnesses (Charles T. Russel): They are the children of the Adventists, officially announced the Second Coming of Christ and the Armageddon for 6 dates: 1914, 1918, 1920, 1925, 1941, and 1975. They deny the Doctrine of the Trinity, the Divinity of Christ, the Immortality of the Human Soul, and blood transfusions. They expect to be one of the 144,000 ministers of Jesus when He comes or one of the multitude in Heaven of Revelation 7. Their official name, is not "Jehovah's Witnesses", but an Incorporated Society, the "Watchtower Bible and Tract Society" In this Society, the leaders are elected by the number of "stocks" they have; the "President of the Society" is the one who has more stocks, the actual President is Milton G. Henschel, since 1993.

1848-Spiritualism (Spiritism): the ancient practice trying to communicate with the death, through a "medium".The ancient belief was popularized by sisters Kate and Margaretta Fox, 12 and 15 years-old, 1848, in Hydesville, New York, with the famous "rappings" supposedly coming from a peddler who had been murdered in the house some years previously. In 1888 the Fox sisters confessed that the rappings were accomplished by a method of cracking their toes. The sisters work out a code: One tap: No; three taps: Yes. The services, resemble the church gatherings of small Christian denominations and usually mimic Christian services. "Jesus Christ", is a total different person for a Christian and a Spiritualist: For a Spiritualist Jesus is God, but as much as you and I are God, as much as every human being is a divine child of God, just a part of the Infinite Intelligence. A great deception of Satan is the claim of the Spiritualists that the Bible is Spiritualist: They claim that "Jesus Christ was the master medium of all time".

1861-1865 -Holiness Churches: The National Holiness Movement came into being shortly after the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Originally a protest movement within Methodism, it opposed the Methodist falling away from the emphasis on sanctification that John Wesley had developed. He had stressed original sin and justification by faith and added that the individual may be assured of forgiveness by a direct experience of the spirit, called sanctification, which he regarded as the step leading to Christian perfection. The major representatives of the Holiness movement are Pentecostal denominations, the Church of the Nazarene and the Church of God (Anderson, Ind.).

1865 -Salvation Army: Founded in England by William Booth. It is familiar to outsiders through its work among the homeless and the poor and its fund-raising on the streets, especially before Christmas; aims to harmonize with all churches.

1866 -Ku-Klux-Klan: founded in Polaski, Tennessee, by 6 Confederate officers. One of them, and the first Imperial Wizard of the KKK, was a former Confederate general and Freemason, Nathan Bedford Forrest. They are well known the disguised hooded Klansmen, in their white sheets, posing as ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers, with their blazing torches burning large wooden crosses in a "circle", to terrorize and kill Blacks, just for the sake of being Blacks.

1871 -Old Catholics: Organized in German speaking countries to combat the dogma of Papal Infallibility. Its rise may be traced from the excommunication of Ignatz von Dollinger, historian, priest and theologian, on Apr. 18, 1871, for refusing to accept the dogma of Infallibility. The Old Catholic Churches, had their origin in Europe after 1870, after the First Vatican Council. They reject the authority of the Pope, and their priests are married. The Polish Church, was established in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in the 1890s, also after Vatican I with the same spirit of the Old Catholic Churches.

1879 -Christian Science Church (Mary Baker Eddy): The "science of healing", is "Anti-Christian", "Anti-Science", with Hindu doctrine, and it is not a Church. "Jesus Christ" is not God, he was not the Christ. "God", is not the Christian God, but a "Hindu one". "Salvation", is by recognizing that each person is as much a Son of God as Jesus is. There is no evil, no devil, no sin, no poverty, and no old age. A person is reincarnated until he learns these truths and becomes "perfect".

Reformed Churches: Some of them born in the Nineteenth Century: In general, are those that began with the doctrine of Luther, then embraced those of Zwingli, and finally swerved towards Calvinism. As a result they are infected with the errors of all these false teachers. German Reformed, True Reformed Dutch, United Church of Christ in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, Presbyterian Church in USA, Reformed Church in America, the "Christian Reformed Church.

1880 -Church of God: Name of more than 200 independent religious bodies in the U.S. The majority of them are Adventist, Holiness, or Pentecostal denominations. Originated about 1880 as a movement within existing churches to promote Christian unity. The founders were interested in relieving the church at large of what they believed was over-ecclesiasticism and restrictive organization and in reaffirming the New Testament as the true standard of faith and life.

1886 -Church of Christ:  originated with Spurling and Bryant in the Great Smoky Mountains (northwest Georgia and eastern Tennessee). A Pentecostal church based on a belief that a second rain of the gifts of the Holy Spirit would occur similar to that of the first Christian Pentecost. They regard the state of holiness as a work of grace subsequent to conversion or justification, and practice speaking in other tongues as the Spirit gives utterance. Members of the revival were organized into the Christian Union, changed their name to the Holiness Church (1902) and later to the Church of God (1907). No Pope, no bishops, no ordained priests.

1895, 1897 -Church of God in Christ: started by Jones and Mason in Arkansas. Another Pentecostal church. Like other Holiness and Pentecostal groups, the church emphasizes sanctification, or holiness, which is deemed essential to salvation. The theology of the church is Trinitarian; the Bible is the chief religious authority and is interpreted literally. Ordinances include baptism by immersion, the Lord’s Supper, and foot washing. Speaking in tongues is considered the sign of baptism by the Holy Ghost. No Pope, no bishops, no ordained priests.

SAINTS

St. John Bosco: founded Salesian Order to work with poor and abandoned youth.
St. Therese of Lisieux: Carmelite nun, the Little Flower, wrote about a life of simple        holiness, the Little Way, Patron of the Missions
St. Bernadette of Lourdes: Had visions of Mary at Lourdes where many miracles            followed over the centuries.
St. Elisabeth Ann Seton: the first American-born citizen to be beatified, the Sisters of      Charity, Catholic schools in America
St. Catherine Laboure: Mary appeared to her and asked her to distribute the Miraculous    Medal.

St. Andrew Kim Taegon and St. Paul Chong Hasang: Korean Martyrs
St. Anthony Mary Claret: Apostle of Cuba and founded the Claretians

St. Damien of Molokai: gave his life in the service of a leper colony on Molokai
St. John Neumann: first American bishop to be canonized
St. Frances Xavier Cabrini: founded 67 institutions for the poor and the sick, the first    US citizen to be canonized
St. Dominic Savio: young, saintly pupil of St. John Bosco; patron of purity.
St. Charles Lwanga, One of the 22 Martyrs of Uganda 
St. Daniel Comboni, evengelization of Africa.
St. Justin de Jacobis: an apostle to Africa and the founder of the Abyssinian mission.
St. Josephine Bakhita , African slave who became a nun and assisted her religious           community through cooking, sewing, embroidery and welcoming visitors.
St. Jeanne Marie Kerguin: One of the Martyrs of Shanxi, China
St. Dominic Uy Van Bui:  One of the 111 Martyrs of Vietnam.
St. Siméon-François Berneux:  One of the Martyrs of Korea
St. Peter Chanel:  martyr of Oceania
Blessed Salvatore Lilli: one of the Martyrs of Armenia
Blessed Giovanni Mazzucconi: Martyr in Papua New Guinea

Blessed Andre Bessette: Founded St. Joseph Shrine in Montreal
Blessed Anicet Hryciuk: One of the 13 Marytrs of Podlasie, Poland

Saint Agostina Pietrantoni: Killed while serving hospital patients

Blessed Adolph Kolping: Dedicated his life to factory workers